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La Tour du Valat

Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	Current status of the woodland grouses Hazel Grouse Bonasa bonasia and Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in Germany - ecology, distribution, threats, and conservation.
Auteurs :	Siegfried Klaus, Auteur ; Hans-Heiner Bergmann, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vogelwelt (Die) (125(3-4) 2004)
Article en page(s) :	283-295
Résumé :	The Hazel Grouse is mainly threatened by habitat loss as result of inadequate forest management (large clear-cuts, coniferous monocultures, ceasing of coppice forest use) and habitat fragmentation. The current distribution (map Fig. 1, c. 2000-4000 ind.) is confined to four isolated populations in the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge (continues in Belgium/Luxembourg), Black Forest, Bavarian and Bohemian Forests (continues to the Austrian Waldviertel) and Bavarian Alps (continues in Austria and Switzerland). In the Bavarian Alps and the Bavarian Forest, suitable habitats occur on large and less fragmented areas, so that the Hazel Grouse is not actually threatened there. The isolated and fragmented remaining populations in the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge and Black Forest are virtually endangered. However, conservation measures (e.g. forestry use in small mosaic patches acceptance of gaps, support of amentiferous pioneer tree species) could be performed relatively quickly and at rather low costs.The population of Capercaillie has declined drastically due to habitat destruction and fragmentation through e.g. large clear-cuts, short rotation periods, dense coniferous plantations, increase of forest roads, disturbances by tourism and high ungulate densities. The current occurrence (map Fig. 2, c. 1600 ind.) is restricted to a few isolated populations. The largest (meta-) population (800 ind.) occurs in the Bavarian Alps and is connected with Austrian and Swiss populations. The population in the other Bavarian mountains has dramatically declined (mainly c. 30 remaining birds in the Bavarian Forest, neighboured to c. 100 in the adjacent Bohemian Forest in Czech Republic). In the Fichtelgebirge there is a small, isolated population of about 40 ind. In the Black Forest (600 ind.), the decline was less pronounced due to intense conservation measures. In Thuringia, the population decline was severe (from 300 ind. in 1970 to 20-30 ind. in 1990, after translocation of wild-captured Russian birds now 30-40 ind.). The populations in Saxony and Hesse and the only lowland population in Lusatia (S-Brandenburg/N-Saxony) have become extinct. Reintroduction schemes in five mountain ranges have been stopped because of poor success. Viable meta-populations of Capercaillie will probably survive only,in the Alps and in the Black Forest, provided that forestry management fulfils the habitat needs of this grouse. The example of Fichtelgebirge demonstrates, however, that even small and isolated populations are able to survive for longer periods and are worthwhile to start conservation measures.

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