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Titre :	Exploitation of wind energy - A problem for larger birds?
Auteurs :	Hermann Hoetker, Auteur ; Kai-Michael Thomsen, Auteur ; Heike Jeromin, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Ornithologischer Anzeiger (44(2-3) DEC 2005)
Article en page(s) :	185-192
Résumé :	An evaluation of 127 studies of wind farms in ten countries, mostly in Germany, revealed the following results about the impact of wind farms on larger birds:The main potential hazards to birds from wind farms are disturbance leading to displacement or exclusion and collision mortality. Although there is agreement among experts that wind farms may have negative impacts on bird populations, no statistically significant evidence of negative impacts on populations of breeding birds could be found. Waders, however, showed avoidance of the space close to wind plants during tile breeding season. Many potentially sensitive species, however, have not yet been studied. During the non-breeding season, wind farms had significantly negative effects on local populations of geese, Wigeons, Golden Plovers and Lapwings. These and other species of open landscapes avoided approaching wind parks closer than a few hundred metres. During the non-breeding season, the distances at which disturbance was detected increased with the size of the wind plants in most species. In Lapwings this relationship was statistically significant. There was no evidence that birds generally "habituated" to wind farms in the years after their construction.Average collision rates (annual number of killed individuals per turbine) varied between 0 and more than 30 for birds (all species). Birds were at high risk at wind farms close to wetlands and in wind farms on mountain ridges (USA, Spain) where man), raptors were killed. In Germany the relatively high numbers of White-tailed Eagles (13) and Red Kites (41) killed since 1989 give cause for concern.The choice of the right site for windmills is the only known measure to reduce the negative impacts of windfarms on birds and bats. Repowering offers the chance to remove wind farms from sites that are associated with high impacts or risks for birds and bats. New turbines could be constructed on sites that are likely to be less problematic in respect to birds and bats.There is an urgent need for further research in following fields: collisions of Red Kites and White-tailed Eagles; responses of rare and threatened species (among them the Eagle Owl) to wind turbines; nocturnal bird migration and Humiliated, tall windmills.

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