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Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	Singing activity, territoriality and polygyny in the Hoopoe Upupa epops in the Lake Neusiedl area, Austria
Auteurs :	Alfred Gruell, Auteur ; Johann Gross, Auteur ; Josef Steiner, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vogelwelt (Die) (128(2) 2007)
Article en page(s) :	67-78
Résumé :	We present data on seasonal singing activity, aggressive behaviour and a case of probable polygyny in the Hoopoe. Data were collected in the course of a territory mapping in the 'Neusiedler See - Seewinkel' National Park in the period 2002-2005. In the study area of approx. 15 km(2) 8-14 pairs were breeding every year. We analysed a total of 947 territory checks with Hoopoe records (Fig. 2). Depending on weather, from the first sighting of a Hoopoe in a year to the onset of singing there was a delay of 1-2 weeks. Spring arrival and start of egg laying showed only a weak and non-significant correlation (Fig. 4): early and late arriving pairs started to breed almost at the same time in the beginning of May. In paired males, singing activity culminated at the end of April in the fertile period of the female before laying, and decreased in early May to a proportion of at most 35% singing males until the end of the breeding season in July (initiation of replacement and second clutches). In addition to the breeding pairs, we had evidence for 2-4 unpaired males (floaters), which displayed with high activity until the end of June, preferring breeding territories in the prelaying and laying period (Fig. 3, 6, 7). Aggressive interactions between males also concentrated within the two weeks from 20(th) April to 5(th) May, and from late April onwards they were increasingly restricted to attacks of paired males against floaters. After the fertile period breeding birds showed almost no reaction, even against displaying males near the nest (Fig. 5-6). The findings support the assumption that male Hoopoes do not defend a feeding territory, but a mating area to attract females, secure suitable nest sites and exclude sexual competitors. Besides, we had strong indications for a bigynous pairing in 2005 (Tab. 2): after initiation of the first clutch at site 1, the male started to breed with a second female at the nearby site 2, but then returned to the first territory to join the female feeding the brood; a high breeding success was obtained only at site 1, while for the secondary female at site 2 the effort without the help of the male obviously was too high.

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