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Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	The influence of forest damage on birds.
Auteurs :	Herwig Zang, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vogelwelt (Die) (125(3-4) 2004)
Article en page(s) :	259-270
Résumé :	Influences of industrial immissions to forests are known since the 19(th) century, locally called "smoke damage". But since about 1975-1980 extreme long-distance transport and multiple-sided synergistic reciprocations of air pollutants affected the forests. The causal relations are poorly understood and therefore these effects are called "new type of forest damage" (German: "neuartige Waldschaden"). Trees react in various ways, from losing needles and leaves to dying, but also with changes of fructification schemes as well. Correspondingly, the effects on forest birds are also very complex. Some knowledge is available from the Erzgebirge, Harz and Riesengebirge Mountains, which nearly exclusively comes from coniferous forests, where the species composition changed towards an increase of species inhabiting open habitats with losses of typical forest birds. Furthermore, the total population density decreased. A loss of calcium due to acidification can lead to eggshell defects in clutches e.g. of thrushes and tits and probably also to breeding on empty nests. Effects on breeding biology, mortality and population dynamics have been studied in tits. In the Erzgebirge, Coal Tits Parus ater apparently show a higher degree of migratory behaviour, whereas in Crested Tits P. cristatus second broods became more frequent. In both species (and in the Harz Mountains in the Great Tit P major as well) winter mortality increased and life time breeding success decreased. Since about 1995, a decline in the high acidification brought lead to increasing populations in some but not in all bird species. The complex structure of numerous influences on the forests actually does not allow a prediction of the development of the forests and their avian inhabitants.

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