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Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	Effects of forest management on forest-dwelling birds - a review.
Auteurs :	Wolfgang Scherzinger, Auteur ; Heiko Schumacher, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vogelwelt (Die) (125(3-4) 2004)
Article en page(s) :	215-250
Résumé :	The original vegetation of most parts of Central Europe was woodland. Nowadays, with 105,300 km(2) of woodland the native biodiversity has still a "green third" of the German landscape. One important brick in preserving woodlands as habitats - as natural as possible - is the establishment of large protected areas, especially national parks. Although essential for protection of habitats and species, these restricted areas under protection and free of forestry use never could be sufficient for preserving populations of sensitive and specialised bird species, especially those with large territories. The faith of survival of the diversity of forest-dwelling species will thus get fulfilled in managed forests, as they cover a much larger area. In consequence, an optimum 'integration' of conservation targets into the forestry concepts and practice is necessary. German forests are characterised by utilisation through hundreds of years: timber harvest, road constructions, silvicultural management, especially a dramatic change in composition of tree species including the support of coniferous trees, the cut off of natural ageing in trees and avoidance of late successional stages like the phases of decay and collapse, which offer special habitat qualities for birds. All these effects of management influence the supply of special structures, of dead wood, decaying trunks of old growth, of hollows and cavities, and the stratification in tree stands.Current ideas of nature protection and bird preservation obviously do accept the utilisation of our forests, as far as it follows the target of economical, ecological, and social sustainability. In cooperation with forest owners and the forest administration conservationists are developing effective concepts for saving the regionally or locally typical biodiversity. Within these concepts bird protection aims at a maximum approximation to the natural biodiversity of central-European woodlands. Preservation and development of essential habitat characteristics of natural forests (like very old growth, dead wood, stratification in vegetation, mosaic of diverse patchiness including a network of clearings shaped by natural disturbances) are pre-conditions for preserving viable populations of birds, even of fastidious species, also in commercial forest. As this variety of targets could never get fulfilled by a single system of forestry management, this paper recommends a variety of strategies: 'near natural' forest management may produce old mixed forest with a distinct stratification, especially important for species of the 'inner forest' climate; in addition the 'semi-natural' forestry will also support species of gaps and clearings. In some cases the conservation of historical/traditional systems of forest use can also be congruent with targets of preserving species and habitats (e.g.-coppices, pastoral forest), although this is not really compatible with the imperative of sustainability. - Forest plants and animals should be regarded as heritage of our primary central-European nature. The preservation of this natural wealth of species should have prime importance in our nature conservation strategy.

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