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La Tour du Valat

Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	The Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in the German-speaking area and in The Netherlands between 800 and 1800
Auteurs :	Marcus Beike, Auteur ; Christof Herrmann, Auteur ; Ragnar Kinzelbach, Auteur ; Jan de Rijk, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vogelwelt (Die) (134(4) 2013)
Article en page(s) :	233-261
Résumé :	The earliest written documents from the German-speaking area related to the Great Cormorant (Cormorant hereafter) date to the 9th century. They give evidence that the Cormorant at that time obviously was well known around Lake Constance. There are numerous documents from the following centuries allowing conclusions concerning distribution and abundance of the species. The texts of ALBERTUS MAGNUS give the earliest indications concerning the location of breeding sites in Pomerania (probably around Szczecin). The first information with precise reference to breeding colonies dates to the year 1377, when Emperor KARL IV gave order to destroy Cormorant colonies in the vicinity of Wroclaw (Silesia). In The Netherlands, the Cormorant has been a permanent breeding bird since at least the 15th century.The historical sources give evidence that distribution and abundance of the Cormorant were subject to considerable spatio-temporal changes. Breeding colonies are documented for The Netherlands, Silesia, NE Germany (Brandenburg, Mecklenburg) as well as for the eastern Baltic area (East Prussia, Curonian Spit, Livonia). For central and southern Germany, including the Alps and the foothills of the Alps, the regular presence of the Cormorant is well documented, but the historical documents do not give clear information whether the species occurred exclusively as a migrant or also as a breeding bird; doubtless evidence for breeding colonies is missing.The factors which likely have influenced distribution and abundance of the Cormorant in the past - and continue to do so in the presence - are discussed. Beside natural factors (climate change), anthropogenic factors (both favourable and adverse), such as the installation of artificial ponds with high abundance of fish (fish ponds in medieval times, abandoned extraction pits, often stocked with fish for angling purposes in recent times), improved food supply as a consequence of eutrophication, and last, but not least, the strong, long-lasting persecution in most of its range (with The Netherlands being an exception) are obviously of decisive importance. From the 1950s to 1970s, the contamination of the environment with harmful substances such as DDT and PCB seemingly also had a severe impact. Hence, the current distribution and abundance of the Cormorant cannot be seen as a recovery of the species to historically existing conditions; it is rather the result of today's environmental situation, which is extremely different to the conditions prevailing at any time during the last 1200 years.

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