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Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	The song flight of Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana
Auteurs :	Manfred Lang, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vogelwelt (Die) (132(1) 2011)
Article en page(s) :	17-33
Résumé :	The song flight of Ortolan Bunting is characterised by the unusual combination of conspicuity, rareness and brevity (at maximum 15 s). For the first time, the behavioural pattern is decribed and the vocalization analysed sonagraphically. In the initiation phase, most song flights are preceded by a long sequence of loud alarm calls ("...-chip - jub - chip - jub -..."). A gradual transition to series of low "dud"-calls (alarm calls for the close vicinity) suggests an upcoming song flight. In the escalation phase, the successive acceleration of these calls forms the introduction of the gong given in flight. During the climb with skipping flight movements another acceleration of dud"-calls is followed by a sudden burst of loud pulse beats ("rattling"), the main theme (strophe thorn the usual territorial song) and a second series of rattling as well as by a stuttering and little formalized sequence of calls commonly used (contact calls, alarm calls). In the relaxation phase the intervals between calls are increasing, and finally the bird is landing.The syntactical structure of the flight vovalization follows a universal, supraregional pattern with a strongly formalized main part (rattling and strophe) and a less formalized second part. In g aired males, song flights are most common during the egg-laying period of the female, whereas unmated males are most active in this way in the vivinity of completed broodsThe context of song flights points to a signal for predator avoidance: Just before the absence Of the singer such vocalizations present the "last warning" for female and offspring regarding in enduring threat from a ground-dwelling predator including the observer. Most song flights (76%) are conducted during the last hour of diurnal activity. No seasonal breaks are obvious in e song flight activity until late August.The interspecific comparison suggests analogous song flights in other ground-nesting species Of the open landscape. Similarity is especially striking to the song flights of the Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas (Parulidae) in North America.

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