| Titre : | The impact of potential disturbances on the behaviour of lapwings Vanellus vanellus during incubation and chick rearing |
| Auteurs : | Immogen Bluehdorn, Auteur |
| Type de document : | Article |
| Dans : | Vogelwelt (Die) (119(2) 1998) |
| Article en page(s) : | 105-113 |
| Résumé : | The reactions of Lapwings to potential human and natural disturbances was studied during incubation and chick rearing. Observations were carried out in a 145 ha agricultural area next to the sewage farms of Muenster (Westphalia) from April to June 1995. Any occurrence of mammals or birds (starling size upwards) over the study area as well as people moving along the adjacent roads (but not agricultural activities) were regarded as potential disturbances. One third of disturbances was caused by humans, two thirds by non-human intruders. Incubating Lapwings disturbed by humans raised their heads or left their nests more often than during non-human disturbance, but natural 'enemies' were attacked more often than humans directly from the nest. With increasing age of the clutches and advance of the breeding season the relative number of attacks against natural 'enemies' increased. Lapwings incubating replacement clutches raised their heads during human disturbances less frequently than during incubation of first clutches (possibly due to habituation). Proximity of a road was avoided for nest placement, most nests were more than 40 m from the road. During human disturbances birds incubating clutches further away from the road flew directly off the nest less often than those closer to the road. Parents with chicks raised heads more often during human than during non-human disturbances. Natural 'enemies' were attacked more often than humans during the chick rearing period. With increasing age of the chicks the parents gave more alarm calls when disturbed by potential non-human predators. The different behavioural responses of incubating lapwings to humans versus nonhuman intruders indicated that birds felt more disturbed by people than by the observed non-human intruders. The increasing intensity of defence of nests and chicks against natural 'enemies' during the course of the reproductive season is explained with the increasing chances of the offspring to survive and hence their increasing value for parental fitness. |
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