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Titre :	Disturbance of birds by human recreational activities - an overview
Auteurs :	Karsten Laursen, Auteur ; Thomas Eske Holm, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift (105(2) 2011)
Article en page(s) :	127-138
Langues:	Anglais
Résumé :	Disturbance of birds by human recreational activities - an overviewStudies during the last thirty years show that the increasing recreational use of the countryside often has adverse effects on wildlife, including birds, which perceive humans as potential predators. Ultimately, the effect is that the birds are prevented from using some of the otherwise available resources, e.g. nesting sites or food. Reduced breeding success due to human disturbance has been demonstrated for colonial birds, but recreational activities, except hunting, have not been found to cause increased mortality or population decrease in other groups of birds.Disturbance of migrating and wintering birds can lower their energy intake and force them to leave good feeding habitats. Herbivorous birds are especially sensitive to disturbance, since they have to use much of the daytime foraging. Again, this could effectively reduce the available habitat and potentially the population size.Effects of disturbance are difficult to measure, especially in the long term. Studies of such topics require close observation over several years and thus tend to be costly. Alternatively, however, it is often possible to extract relevant information on such topics from existing datasets from long-term studies, although the main purpose of these studies were different. Still ongoing studies of this kind in Denmark concerns Pink-footed Goose Anser brachy-rhynchus, Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and Mute Swan Cygnus olor, among others.During the last three decades, we have come a long way towards understanding the consequences of human disturbance on birds, but many other questions are still unanswered. One major problem concerns the mechanisms by which habituation arises through generations of birds, as reflected in the hugely variable degree of shyness exhibited by birds in different parts of the world.

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