| Titre : | Usutu Virus as cause of mass mortality in Blackbirds Turdus merula and other bird species in Europe: experiences from five outbreaks between 2001 and 2011 (2012) |
| Auteurs : | Stefan Bosch, Auteur ; Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, Auteur ; Wolfgang Fiedler, Auteur |
| Type de document : | Article |
| Dans : | Vogelwarte (50(2) MAY 2012) |
| Article en page(s) : | 109-122 |
| Langues: | Allemand |
| Résumé : | Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. USUV was presumably introduced into Europe through migrating birds or mosquitoes during the last ten years. USUV established stable transmission cycles in Europe between mosquitos and hosts and is able to hibernate within Europe. Since the first record in 2001 in Austria, USUV caused five larger outbreaks with USUV-induced mass mortalities, especially on Blackbirds and captive owls, and probably a number of smaller outbreaks without recorded mass mortality. In our review we compile the up-to-date knowledge about the agent, the mosquitos as vectors and the birds as main hosts. A review of published studies revealed a total of 3050 bird individuals from 129 species and a wide variety of orders that have been tested for USUV during the last decade in Europe in connection with USUV outbreaks. Out of these, 48 species have been tested positively mainly songbirds incl. crows (24 species), owls and birds of prey (9 species). Most cases concerned Blackbird, followed by House Sparrow, Blackcap, Great Grey Owl and Ural Owl. Among the 48 species tested positively, 39 concerned free living individuals and nine concerned captive individuals. Potential ways of propagation of USUV from Africa into Europe as well as inside Europe are discussed. Blackbirds seem to be especially perceptive to USUV. With regard to their species-specific biology we try to give an explanation for this phenomenon: presumably, Blackbirds have a weak immune system due to moult and nutrition state during the main flight period of the mosquitoes and are thus more perceptive to virus attacks. |
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