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Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes

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Titre :	Parasite biogeography: A review of the origins and ideas with specific examples from Holarctic fishes (2000)
Auteurs :	J. P. Carney, Auteur ; T. A. Dick, Auteur
Type de document :	Article
Dans :	Vie et Milieu - Life and Environment (50(4) décembre 2000)
Article en page(s) :	221-243
Langues:	Anglais
Résumé :	The origins and major ideas underpinning parasite biogeography started in western Europe and North America with von Ihering who used parasites to study host distributions. A similar approach was used by Metcalf, Johnston, Harrison and Manter whereas Dogiel and coworkers used parasites of fish to recognize different biogeographic zones. More recently, Brooks advanced the field by introducing phylogenetic systematics as a method to investigate parasite biogeography and historical ecology. Although infrequently combined to date, two complementary approaches to parasite biogeography are historical and ecological. Historical biogeography considers questions relating to the origins of parasite distributions and host associations while ecological biogeography is concerned with contemporary factors that contribute to present distributions and abundances. Data from Holarctic fishes are used to outline ideas relevant to parasite ecological biogeography at the scale of continental distributions. These data support the hypothesis that most of the parasites have continental distributions even though the hosts have intercontinental distributions. While hosts contribute to the distribution of parasites, many parasites of Holarctic fishes show stronger affinities to geography than to the host. This suggests that parasite distributions, although ultimately dependant on a host, are influenced by factors in addition to host factors. Strict host-specificity does not confirm coevolutionary roots for predictable host-parasite associations. However, predictable associations exist at higher taxonomic levels and these may or may not have coevolutionary origins. Widespread parasite distributions can be a consequence of having numerous hosts across taxa. Historical ecological associations and sympatric hosts sharing food items that transmit parasites, ensures homogenization of the parasitofauna. Predictable associations at higher host taxonomic levels, combined with widespread Holarctic distributions at higher parasite taxonomic levels, suggests an ancient origin for many of these parasite species. These observations are true for parasites of Holarctic fish species and may also be true for fish parasites in the north-south axis of the major continents. The combination of widespread distribution of parasite species with numerous fish hosts, and endemic parasite species with restricted geographic and host associations, makes parasites fruitful models for comprehensive biogeographic studies.
En ligne :	https://wwwphp.obs-banyuls.fr/Viemilieu/images/Archives_1950-2002/vie-et-milieu/VOLUME_2000_50_fasc4.pdf

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